Ruthenium 44 Ru 101.07(2)   Switch element to... actinium aluminium aluminum americium antimony argon arsenic astatine barium berkelium beryllium bismuth bohrium boron bromine cadmium caesium calcium californium carbon cerium cesium chlorine chromium cobalt copper curium darmstadtium dubnium dysprosium einsteinium erbium europium fermium fluorine francium gadolinium gallium germanium gold hafnium hassium helium holmium hydrogen indium iodine iridium iron krypton lanthanum lawrencium lead lithium lutetium magnesium manganese meitnerium mendelevium mercury molybdenum neodymium neon neptunium nickel niobium nitrogen nobelium osmium oxygen palladium phosphorus platinum plutonium polonium potassium praseodymium promethium protactinium radium radon rhenium rhodium roentgenium rubidium ruthenium rutherfordium samarium scandium seaborgium selenium silicon silver sodium strontium sulfur sulphur tantalum technetium tellurium terbium thallium thorium thulium tin titanium tungsten ununbium ununhexium ununoctium ununpentium ununquadium ununtrium uranium vanadium xenon ytterbium yttrium zinc zirconium Go adjacent... Mn Fe Co Tc Ru Rh Re Os Ir

The essentials

Description 

Here is a brief description of ruthenium.

• Standard state: solid at 298 K
• Colour: silvery white metallic
• Classification: Metallic
• Availability:

Ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum together make up a group of elements referred to as the platinum group metals (PGM).

Image adapted with permission from Prof James Marshall's (U. North Texas, USA) Walking Tour of the elements CD.

Ruthenium is a hard, white metal. It does not tarnish at room temperatures, but oxidises in air at about 800°C. The metal is not attacked by hot or cold acids or aqua regia, but when potassium chlorate is added to the solution, it oxidises explosively.

Isolation

It would not normally be necessary to make a sample of ruthenium in the laboratory as the metal is available, at a price, commercially. The industrial extraction of ruthenium is complex as the metal occurs in ores mixed with other metals such as rhodium, palladium, silver, platinum, and gold. Sometimes extraction of the precious metals such as iridium, rhodium, platinum and palladium is the main focus of a partiular industrial operation while in other cases it is a byproduct. The extraction is complex because of the other metals present and only worthwhile since ruthenium is useful as a specialist metal and is the basis of some catalysts in industry.

Preliminary treatment of the ore or base metal byproduct is required to remove silver, gold, palladium, and platinum. The residue is melted with sodium bisulphate (NaHSO₄) and the resulting mixture extracted with water to give a solution containing rhodium sulphate, Rh₂(SO₄)₃. The insoluble residue contains the ruthenium. The residue is melted with Na₂O₂ and extracted into water to extract the ruthenium and osmium salts (including [RuO₄]^2- and [OsO₄(OH)₂]^2-). The residue contains iridium oxide, IrO₂. Reaction of the salt with chlorine gas gives the volatile oxides RuO₄ and OsO₄. The ruthenium oxide is dissolved by treatment with hydrochloric acid to form H₃RuCl₆, and the ruthenium precipiated out as pure (NH₄)₃RuCl₆ by treatment with NH₄Cl. Evaporation to dryness and burning under hydrogen gas gives pure ruthenium.

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