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The essentials

Description 

Here is a brief description of radon.

• Standard state: gas at 298 K (the heaviest known mononuclear gas at 298 K)
• Colour: colourless
• Classification: Non-metallic
• Availability:

Radon is a decay product of the radium salts used in the luminous paint of the numerals. In this 1950's clock, the glass casing has accumulated 10^-16 gram) of radon. Image adapted with permission from Prof James Marshall's (U. North Texas, USA) Walking Tour of the elements CD.

At ordinary temperatures radon is a colourless gas. When cooled below the freezing point, radon exhibits a brilliant phosphorescence which becomes yellow as the temperature is lowered and orange-red at the temperature of liquid air. The main hazard is from inhalation of the element and its decay products which are collected on dust in the air. Recently, radon buildup in homes from the surrounding soil and rocks has become a safety issue and some areas around the world test homes for radon gas. It is the heaviest known gas. Radon is present in some spring waters.

Isolation

Radon is present to a very small trace extent in the atmosphere and in principle could be obtained as a byproduct from the liquefaction and separation of air. However as only small quantities are ever needed in practice, and because of its short half life (the longest life isotope has a half life of less than 4 days), such quantities as are required are isolated through collection from the radioactive decay of an isotope of radium (²²⁶Ra, half life 1599 years).

²²⁶Ra → ²²²Rn + ⁴He

This method gives 0.64 cm³ of radon gas per gram of radium per month.

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