โ–ธโ–ธ
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฌ๐Ÿ‡ง Iodine
  • ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ฆ ะ™ะพะด
  • ๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ณ ็ข˜
  • ๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ฑ Jood
  • ๐Ÿ‡ซ๐Ÿ‡ท Iode
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฉ๐Ÿ‡ช Iod
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ฑ ื™ื•ื“
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡น Iodio
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฏ๐Ÿ‡ต ใƒจใ‚ฆ็ด 
  • ๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡น Iodo
  • ๐Ÿ‡ช๐Ÿ‡ธ Yodo
  • ๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ช Jod
  • ๐Ÿ‡ท๐Ÿ‡บ ะ˜ะพะด

Iodine atoms have 53 electrons and the shell structure is 2.8.18.18.7. The ground state electronic configuration of neutral iodine is [Kr].4d10.5s2.5p5 and the term symbol of iodine is 2P3/2.

Iodine: description  

Iodine is a bluish-black, lustrous solid. It volatilises at ambient temperatures into a pretty blue-violet gas with an irritating odour.

It forms compounds with most elements, but is less reactive than the other halogens, which displace it from iodides. Iodine exhibits some metallic-like properties. It dissolves readily in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon disulphide to form beautiful purple solutions. It is only slightly soluble in water. Iodine compounds are important in organic chemistry and very useful in medicine and photography. Lack of iodine is the cause of goitre (Derbyshire neck). The deep blue colour with starch solution is characteristic of the free element. It is assimilated by seaweeds from which it may be recovered, and is found in Chilean saltpetre, caliche, old salt brines, and salt wells.

iodine

Iodine: physical properties

More physical properties...

Iodine: heat properties

More thermochemical properties...

Iodine: electronegativities

More electronegativity properties...

Iodine: orbital properties

More orbital properties...

Iodine: abundances

More geological data...

Iodine: crystal structure

I crystal structure
The solid state structure of iodine is: orthorhombic.

More crystallographic data...

Iodine: biological data

In nature, iodine exists as iodide ions, I-, and it is as iodide that it is taken into our bodies. Iodine is an essential component of the human diet and in fact appears to be the heaviest required element in the diet. Iodine compounds are useful in medicine.

Lack of iodine in the diet is a cause of goitre (Derbyshire neck). This condition is rare now as table salt is dosed with a little iodide.

More biological data...

Iodine: uses

Uses...

Iodine: reactions

Reactions of iodine as the element with air, water, halogens, acids, and bases where known.

View reactions of iodine...

Iodine: binary compounds

Binary compounds with halogens (known as halides), oxygen (known as oxides), hydrogen (known as hydrides), and other compounds of iodine where known.

View binary compounds...

Iodine: compound properties

Bond strengths; lattice energies of iodine halides, hydrides, oxides (where known); and reduction potentials where known.

View compound properties...

Iodine: history

Iodine was discovered by Bernard Courtois in 1811 at France. Origin of name: from the Greek word "iodes" meaning "violet".

More history...

Iodine: isotopes

Isotope abundances of iodine
Isotope abundances of iodine with the most intense signal set to 100%.

More isotope and NMR data...

Iodine: isolation

Isolation: iodine is available commercially so it is not normally necessary to make it in the laboratory. Iodine occurs in seawater but in much smaller quantities than chloride or bromide. As for bromine, with suitable sources of brine, it is recovered commercially through the treatment of brine with chlorine gas and flushing through with air. In this treatment, iodide is oxidized to iodine by the chlorine gas.

2I- + Cl2 → 2Cl- + I2

Small amounts of iodine can be made through the reaction of solid sodium iodide, NaI, with concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4. The first stage is formation of HI, which is a gas, but under the reaction conditions some of the HI is oxidized by further H2SO4 to form iodine and sulphur dioxide.

NaI (s) + H2SO4 (l) → HI (g) + NaHSO4 (s)

2HI (g) + H2SO4 (l) → I2 (g) + SO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)