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  • ๐Ÿ‡ฌ๐Ÿ‡ง Terbium
  • ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ฆ ะขะตั€ะฑั–ะน
  • ๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ณ ้‹ฑ
  • ๐Ÿ‡ณ๐Ÿ‡ฑ Terbium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ซ๐Ÿ‡ท Terbium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฉ๐Ÿ‡ช Terbium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ฑ ื˜ืจื‘ื™ื•ื
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡น Terbio
  • ๐Ÿ‡ฏ๐Ÿ‡ต ใƒ†ใƒซใƒ“ใ‚ฆใƒ 
  • ๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡น Térbio
  • ๐Ÿ‡ช๐Ÿ‡ธ Terbio
  • ๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡ช Terbium
  • ๐Ÿ‡ท๐Ÿ‡บ ะขะตั€ะฑะธะน

Terbium atoms have 65 electrons and the shell structure is 2.8.18.27.8.2. The ground state electronic configuration of neutral terbium is [Xe].4f9.6s2 and the term symbol of terbium is 6H15/2.

Terbium: description  

Terbium is reasonably stable in air. It is a silvery-grey metal, and is malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. It is a rare earth metal found in cerite, gadolinite and monazite. The element itself was isolated only recently.

terbium
This sample is from The Elements Collection, an attractive and safely packaged collection of the 92 naturally occurring elements that is available for sale.

Terbium: physical properties

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Terbium: heat properties

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Terbium: electronegativities

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Terbium: orbital properties

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Terbium: abundances

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Terbium: crystal structure

Tb crystal structure
The solid state structure of terbium is: hcp (hexagonal close-packed).

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Terbium: biological data

Terbium has no biological role.

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Terbium: uses

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Terbium: reactions

Reactions of terbium as the element with air, water, halogens, acids, and bases where known.

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Terbium: binary compounds

Binary compounds with halogens (known as halides), oxygen (known as oxides), hydrogen (known as hydrides), and other compounds of terbium where known.

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Terbium: compound properties

Bond strengths; lattice energies of terbium halides, hydrides, oxides (where known); and reduction potentials where known.

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Terbium: history

Terbium was discovered by Carl Mosander in 1843 at Sweden. Origin of name: named after "Ytterby", a town in Sweden.

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Terbium: isotopes

Isotope abundances of terbium
Isotope abundances of terbium with the most intense signal set to 100%.

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Terbium: isolation

Isolation: terbium metal is available commercially so it is not normally necessary to make it in the laboratory, which is just as well as it is difficult to isolate as the pure metal. This is largely because of the way it is found in nature. The lanthanoids are found in nature in a number of minerals. The most important are xenotime, monazite, and bastnaesite. The first two are orthophosphate minerals LnPO4 (Ln deonotes a mixture of all the lanthanoids except promethium which is vanishingly rare) and the third is a fluoride carbonate LnCO3F. Lanthanoids with even atomic numbers are more common. The most comon lanthanoids in these minerals are, in order, cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, and praseodymium. Monazite also contains thorium and ytrrium which makes handling difficult since thorium and its decomposition products are radioactive.

For many purposes it is not particularly necessary to separate the metals, but if separation into individual metals is required, the process is complex. Initially, the metals are extracted as salts from the ores by extraction with sulphuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Modern purification techniques for these lanthanoid salt mixtures are ingenious and involve selective complexation techniques, solvent extractions, and ion exchange chromatography.

Pure terbium is available through the reduction of TbF3 with calcium metal.

2TbF3 + 3Ca → 2Tb + 3CaF2

This would work for the other calcium halides as well but the product CaF2 is easier to handle under the reaction conditions (heat to 50°C above the melting point of the element in an argon atmosphere). Excess calcium is removed from the reaction mixture under vacuum.