WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Roentgenium

Roentgenium: historical information

Roentgenium was discovered by S. Hofmann, V. Ninov, F. P. Hessberger, P. Armbruster, H. Folger, G. Münzenberg, and others at 1994 in Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany.. Origin of name: the proposed name roentgenium has yet ot be accepted formally, but lies within the long established tradition of naming elements to honour famous scientists. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895. Further information on origin of name and discovery dates

Element 111, roentgenium, was discovered towards the end of 1994 at the GSI in Darmstadt, Germany. Three atoms of an isotope ²⁷²Uuu were produced in reactions between ²⁰⁹Bi targets and ⁶⁴Ni projectiles. To achieve this, the nickel atoms were accelerated to high energies by the heavy ion accelerator UNILAC at GSI and directed onto a lead target.

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Roentgenium	Roentgenium
Roentgenium	Roentgenium
Copernicio	Roentgenio
Roentgenium	Roentgenio

Roentgenium
- Essential data: names, symbol, atomic number, and atomic weight; block, period, and group in periodic table; description; standard state; registry number; and isolation
- History: meaning of name; discovery; and history of the element
- Uses
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Roentgenium around us
- Geology: Abundance of elements in the universe; the sun; meteorites; Earth's crust; oceans; and streams
- Biology: Abundance in humans; biological role; and health hazards)
Chemistry and compounds
- Compounds: halides, oxides, sulfides, hydrides, and complexes; lattice energies; and reduction potentials
- Reactions of roentgenium: reactions of roentgenium with air; water; halogens; acids; and bases
- Electronegativities: Pauling; Sanderson; Allred Rochow; Mulliken-Jaffe; and Allen
- Bond enthalpies of diatomic species
- Lattice energies
Element properties
- Physics properties: Boiling point; melting point; density; molar volume; thermal conductivity; and electrical resistivity; bulk modulus; critical temperature; superconductivity temperature; hardness (mineralogical, Brinell, and Vickers); linear expansion coefficient; Poisson's ratio; reflectivity; refractive index; rigidity modulus; Young's modulus; velocity of sound
- Crystal structure
- Thermochemistry: enthalpies of atomization, fusion, and vaporization; thermodynamic properties
- Pictures
Atom properties
- Electron shell properties: Electronic configuration; term symbol; electron affinity; ionization energies; and atomic spectra
- Atom sizes: atomic radius; Shannon and Pauling ionic radii; covalent radius; metallic radius; element bond length; and Van der Waals radius
- Atomic orbital properties: effective nuclear charge; electron binding energies; and valence orbital radii maxima
Nuclear properties
- Isotopes: isotope abundances; radioactive isotopes; isotope masses; nuclear spins; and nuclear magnetic moment
- NMR properties: frequencies; isotopes; magnetogyric ratios; quadrupole moments; receptivities; and relative sensitivities
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